Literature Cited:

Anderson, R.C.  1963.  The incidence, development, and experimental transmission of Pneumostrongylus tenuis Dougherty (Metastrongylidae: Protostrongylidae) of the meninges of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginanus borealis) in Ontario.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 38:775-792.

Anderson, R.  1972.  The ecological relationships of meningeal worm and native cervids in North America.  Journal of Wildlife Diseases 8: 304-310.

Bogaczyk, B. A.,  W. B. Krohn,  H. C. Gibbs.  1993.  Factors affecting Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Maine.  Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29: 266-272.

Carreno, R.,  E. Hoberg.  1999.  Evolutionary relationships among the Protostrongylidae (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) as inferred from morphological characters, with consideration of parasite-host coevolution.  The Journal of Parasitology 85: 638-648.

Duffy, M.,  T. Greaves,  M. Burt.  2004.  Establishment of adult Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, patient infections, and acquired immunity after experimental infection of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginanus) and red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus).  Journal of Parasitology 90: 245- 254.

Gibbs, H. C. 1994. Meningeal worm infection in deer and moose. Maine Naturalist 2: 71-80.

Jarvinen, J.,  W. Hedberg.  1993.  Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Nematoda) in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in central Iowa.  The Journal of Parasitology 79: 116-119.

Kates, K.C.  1965.  Ecological aspects of helminth transmission in domesticated animals.  American Zoologist 5:95-130.

Ogunremi, O.,  M. Lankester,  J. Kendall,  A. Gajadhar.  1999.  Serological diagnosis of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in white-tailed deer and identification of a potentially unique parasite antigen.  The Journal of Parasitology 85: 122-127.

Prestwood, A. K.  1972.  Parelaphostrongylus andersoni sp. n. (Metastrongyloidea: Protostrongylidae) from the musculature of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginanus).  The Journal of Parasitology 58: 897-902.

Prestwood,  A. K.,  V. F. Nettles.  1977.  Repeated low-level infection of white-tailed deer with Parelaphostrongylus andersoni.  The Journal of Parasitology 63: 974-978.

Quist, C.,  D. Dutton,  D. Schneider,  A. Prestwood.  1998.  Gastrointestinal ulceration and pulmonary aspergillosis in a llama treated for parelaphostrongylosis.  Javma 212: 1438-1441.

Rickard, L.,  B. Smith, E. Gentz,  A. Frank,  E. Pearson,  L. Walker,  M. Pybus.  1994.  Experimentally induced meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) infection in the llama (lam glama): clinical evaluation and implications for parasite translocation.  Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 25: 390-402.

Samuel, W.,  M. Pybus,  D. Welch,  C. Wilke.  1992.  Elk as a potential host for meningeal worm: implications for translocation.  The Journal of Wildlife Management 56: 629-639.

Shostak, A., W. Samuel.  1984.  Moisture and temperature effects on survival and infectivity of first-stage larvae of parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and P. tenuis (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea).  The Journal of Parasitology 70: 261-269.

Thomas, J. pers. com.

Wasel, S.,  W. Samuel,  V. Crichton.  2003.  Distribution and ecology of meningeal worm, parelaphostrongylus tenuis (nematoda), in northcentral North America.  Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39: 338-346.

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