Home
Introduction
Caudal Fin Anatomy
Body Shapes:
-Pelagic and Whale
-Carcharhinidae
-Demersal
-Squalomorph
Evolution
Function in Swimming
Case Study: Thresher Shark
References
References

Aalbers, S.S., D. Bernal, and C.A. Sepulveda. 2010. The functional role of the caudal fin in the feeding ecology of the common thresher shark Alopias vulpinus. Journal of Fish Biology 76:1863-1868.

Ferry, L.A., and G.C. Lauder. 1996. Heterocercal tail function in leopard sharks: a three-dimensional kinematic analysis of two models. The Journal of Experimental Biology 199:2253-2268.

Gruber, S.H., and L.J.V. Compagno. 1981. Taxonomix status and biology of the bigeye thresher, Alopias supercilious. Fishery Bulletin 79: 617-640.

Kardong, K.V. 1995. Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, and evolution. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, IA.

Lauder, C.V. 2000. Function of the caudal fin during locomotion in fishes: kinematics, flow visualization, and evolutionary patterns. American Zoologist 40:101-122.

Lighthill, M.J. 1969. Hydromechanics of aquatic animal propulsion. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 1:413-446.

Lingham-Soliar, T. 2005. Caudal fin in the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Lamnidae): A dynamic propeller for fast, efficient swimming. Journal of Morphology 264:233-252.

Niedźwiedzki, G., P. Szrek, K. Narkiewicz, M Narkiewicz, and P.E. Ahlberg. 2009. Tetrapod trackways from the Middle Devonian period of Poland. Nature 463:43-48.

Romer, A.S. 1966. Vertebrate paleontology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Thomson, K.S., and D.E. Simanek. 1977. Body form and locomotion in sharks. American Zoologist 17:343-354.

Sharks and rays of the world: elasmodiver. Retrieved October 8, 2011 from http://elasmodiver.com/

Thomson, K.S. 1976. On the heterocercal tail in sharks. Paleobiology 2:19-38.

Thomson, K.S., and D.E. Simanek. 1977. Body form and locomotion in sharks. American Zoologist 17:343-354.

Wilga, C.D., and G.V. Lauder. 2002. Function of the heterocercal tail in sharks: quantitative wake dynamics during steady horizontal swimming and vertical maneuvering. The Journal of Experimental Biology 205:2365-2374.

Wilga, C. D., and G.V. Lauder. 2004 a. Hydrodynamic function of the shark’s tail. Nature 430:850.

Wilga, C.D., and G.V. Lauder. 2004 b. Biomechanics of Locomotion in Sharks, Rays, and Chimeras. Pp. 139-164. In J.C. Carrier, J.A. Musick, and M.R. Heithaus, (eds.). Biology of Sharks and their Relatives. CRC Press, New York, NY.

(image courtesy of http://elasmodiver.com/Sharkive%20images/Basking%20shark%2010.jpg)

Relevant Webpages

Email Me!