Butchart, Duncan and Chris Roche. Mammals: Spotted Hyena. 2003. Wildwatch African Wildlife and Convservation. 15 April 2004 <http://www.wildwatch.com/resource/mammals/hyena.asp>
Cunha, Gerald R, et. al. "Urogenital system of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben): A functional histological study." Journal of Morphology. 256: 205-218.
Eaton, R.L. "Interference Competition amongst carnivores a model for the evolution of social behavior." Carnivore-Seattle. 2 (1979): 9-16.
Estes, Richard. Spotted Hyena, Crocuta crocuta. The Safari Companion. 29 March 2004 <http://sailfish.exis.net/~spook/hyenatxt.html>
Frank, L.G. “Social Organization of the Spotted Hyena Crocuta- Crocuta II. Dominance and Reproduction.” Animal Behavior. 34 (1986): 1510-1527.
Holekamp, Kay, et. al. "Association of seasonal reproductive patterns with changing food availability in an equatorial carnivore, the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta)." Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 116 (1999): 87-93.
Holekamp, Kay, L. Smale, and M. Szykman "Rank and reproduction in the female spotted hyaena." Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 108 (1996): 229-237.
Holekamp, Kay, et. al. "Vocal recognition in the spotted hyaena and its possible implications regarding the evolution of intelligence." Animal Behavior. 58: 383-395
Knight, Michael H., Alberts Van Jaarsveld, and M.G.L. Mills. "Allo-suckling in spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta): An example of behavioural flexibility in carnivores." African Journal of Ecology. 30 (1992). 245-251
Mitchell, C.A. The Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta). 2002. The African Safari Series. 13 February, 2004 <http://www.ultimatefieldguide.com/spotted_hyena.htm>
Muller, Martin N. and Richard Wrangham. "Sexual Mimicry in hyenas" Quarterly Review of Biology. 77 (2002): 3-16.
Postanowicz, Rebecca. Lioncrushers Domain: Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta). 2003. Lioncrushers Domain.16 February, 2004 <http://www.lioncrusher.com/animal.asp?animal =75>
Szykman, Micaela, et. al. "Association patterns among male and female spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) reflect mate choice." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 50 (2001): 231-238.
This web site was created by Keeley Roles for an undergraduate class, Animal Behavior, at Davidson College Spring Semester 2004. Email keroles@davidson.edu with questions regarding this web page.
Home • Physical Characteristics • Female Dominance • Food, Predation, and Hunting • Social Spacing • Social Organization • Mating System • Offspring • References