Appleby, M. (1982). "The Consequences and Causes of High Social Rank in Red DeerCervus elaphus Stags." Behavior80(3-4): 259-273.

Appleby, M. (1983). "Competition in a Red DeerCervus elaphus Stag Social Group Rank Age and Relatedness of Opponents." Animal Behavior31(3): 913-918.

Bartos, L. (1986). "Dominance and Aggression in Various Sized Groups of Red Deer Cervus elaphus Stags." Aggressive Behavior12(3): 175-182.

Bartos, L., & Perner, V. (1998). "Distribution of Mating Across Season and Reproductive Success According to Dominance in Male Red Deer." Folia Zoologica47(1): 7-12.

Bender, L.C., and Haufler, J. (1999)."Social Group Patterns and Associations of Nonmigratory Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Michigan." American Midland Naturalist 142(1): 87-95.

Bender, L.C., (2002). "Effects of Bull Elk Demographies on Age Categories of Harem Bulls." Wildlife Society Bulletin30(1):193-199.

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Introduction

Male Dominance

Female Dominance

Social Grouping

Mating Systems

References

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Clutton-Brock, T.H., Guinness, F.E., and Albon, S.D. (1982). Red Deer: Behavior and Ecology of Two Sexes. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 378.

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