Berger, J. 2003. The last mile: how to sustain long-distance migration in mammals. Conservation Biology. 18(2):320-331.

Berger, K.M. 2005. Defense of pronghorn fawns by adult male pronghorn against coyotes. Western North American Naturalist. 65(2):267-268.

Byers, J.A., J.D. Moodie, and N. Hall. 1994. Pronghorn females choose vigorous mates. Animal Behavior. 47:33-43.

Byers, J.A. 1997. American Pronghorn: Social Adaptations and the Ghosts of Predators Past. University of Chicago Press. 300 pp.

Byers, J.A., P.A. Wiseman, L. Jones, and T.J. Roffe. 2005. A large cost of female mate sampling in pronghorn. The American Naturalist. 166(6):661-668.

Carling, M.D., P.A. Wiseman, and J.A. Byers. 2003. Microsatellite analysis reveals multiple paternity in a population of wild pronghorn antelopes (Antilocapra americana). Journal of Mammalogy. 84(4):1237-1243.

Dennehy, J.J. 2001. Influence of social dominance rank on diet quality of pronghorn females. Behavioral Ecology. 12:177-181.

Fairbanks, W.S. 1994. Dominance, age and aggression among female pronghorn, Antilocapra americana (Family: Antilocapridae). Ethology. 97:278-293.

Fairbanks, W.S. and R. Tullous. 2002. Distribution of pronghorn (Antilocapra americanaOrd) on Antelope Island State Park, Utah, USA, before and after establishment of recreational trails. Natural Areas Journal. 22:277-282.

Krausman, P.R., J.R. Morgart, L.K. Harris, C.S O’Brien, J.W. Cain III, and S.S. Rosenstock. 2005. Introduction: management for the survival of Sonoran pronghorn in the United States. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 33(1):5-7.

Maher, C.R. 1994. Pronghorn male spatial organization: population differences in degree of nonterritoriality. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 72:455-464.

Maher, C.R. 1997. Group stability, activity budgets, and movements of pronghorn females. The Southwestern Naturalist. 42(1):25-32.

Maher, C.R. 2000. Quantitative variation in ecological and hormonal variables correlates with spatial organization of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) males. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 47:327-338.

Maher, C.R. and C.D. Mitchell. 2000. Effects of selective hunting on group composition and behavior patterns of pronghorn, Antilocapra americana, males in Montana. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 114(2):264-270.

Min, S.E. 1997. The effect of variation in male sexually dimorphic traits on female behavior in pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). Ethology. 103:732-743.

Ockenfels, R.A. 1994. Mountain lion predation on pronghorn in central Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist. 39(3):305-306.

Stephen, C.L., J.C. Devos, Jr., T.E. Lee, Jr., J.W. Bickham, J.R. Heffelfinger, and O.E. Rhodes, Jr. Population genetic analysis of Sonoran pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis). Journal of Mammalogy. 86(4):782-792.

Wilson, D. and S. Ruff. 1999. Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press.

Yoakum, J.D., and B.W. O'Gara. 2000. Pronghorn. In: Ecology and Management of Large Mammals in North America (S. Demarais, and P.R. Krausman). Prentice-Hall, Inc. 778 pp.

Photo Credits

Ron and Janine Niebrugge www.wildnatureimages.com

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service www.fws.gov

John Byers www.sci.uidaho.edu/biosci/labs/byers/research/index.html

Brent Huffman www.ultimateungulate.com