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References

 

Beekman, J. h., Prins, H.T. (1989). "Feeding strategies of sedentary large herbivores in East Africa with emphasis on the African buffalo." African Journal of Ecology Vol. 27: pp. 129-147.

Cuthbert, C. (1923). "The African Buffalo." Journal of the Royal African Society Vol. 22(No. 87): pp. 203-217.

Dalquest, W. W. (1965). "Mammals from the Save River, Mozambique, with Descriptions of Two New Bats." Journal of Mammalogy Vol. 46(No. 2): pp. 254-264.

Isvaran, K. (2005). "Variation in male mating behavior within ungulate populations: patterns and processes." Current Science Vol. 89(No. 7): pp. 1192-1199.

Lundrigan, B. (1996). "Morphology of Horns and Fighting Behavior in the Family Bovidae." Journal of Mammalogy Vol. 77(No. 2): pp. 462-475.

Main, M. B., Coblentz, Bruce E. (1990). "Sexual Segregation among Ungulate: A Critique." Wildlife Society Bulletin Vol. 18(No. 2): pp. 204-210.

McNaughton, S. J. (1983). "Serengeti Grassland Ecology: The Role of Composite Environmental Factors and Contingency in Community Organization." Ecological Monographs Vol. 53(No. 3): pp. 291-320.

Mugangu, T. E., Hunter Jr., M.L., Gilgert, J.R. (1995). "Food, water, and predation: a study of habitat selection by Buffalo in Virunga National Park, Zaire." Jornal of Mammalia Vol. 59(No. 3): pp. 349-362.

Newell, T. L. (2000). "Syncerus caffer."   Retrieved March 25, 2008, from http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Syncerus_caffer.html.

Prins, H. H. T., Iason, G. R. (1988). "Dangerous Lions and Nonchalant Buffalo." Behavior Vol. 108: pp. 262-296.

Ryan, S. J., Jordaan, Wouter (2005). "Activity Patterns of African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Lower Sabie Region, Kruger National Park, South Africa." University of California Postprints: pp. 116-124.

Ryan, S. J., Knetchtel, Christiane U., getz, Wayne M. (2006). "Range and habitat Selection of African Buffalo in South Africa." Journal of Wildlife Management Vol. 70(No. 3): 764-776.

Sinclair, A. R. E. (1977). The African Buffalo. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.

Turner, W. C., Jolles, A. E., Owen-Smith, N. (2005). "Alternating Sexual Segregation During the Mating Season By Male African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer)." Journal of Zoology Vol. 267(No. 3): pp. 291-299.

Wilson, D. S. (1997). "Altruism and Organism: Disentangling the Themes of Multilevel Selection Theory." The American Naturalist Vol. 150: pp. S122-S134.

 

 

 

Homepage	General Description	Social Spacing and Habitat	Social Organization
Mating System	Predation and Agonistic Behavior	Summary	References