Introduction

History

Toxin

Cellular
Mechanism

Medicinal
Applications

Legends
and Folklore
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
photo 
compliments of
Dr. Shin Sugiyama
 
 
 
 
 

Bainbridge, J.S., “Frogs that sweat-not bullets, but a poison for darts.”  Smithsonian. 
     January (1989) : 70-76.

Cameron, John and Kathleen Brawley.  “ABT-594”. Online.  Accessed 11/14/01.
     http://www.abdn.ac.uk/chemistry/abt.

Campbell, Neil A. Biology .  The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1996, 1004.

“Colorful frogs get their poison from their dinner”.  Current Science.  83.7 (1997) : 13. 

Daly, J.W., et al. “Epibatidine: A novel (chloropyridyl)azabicycloheptane with potent 
     analgesic activity from an Ecuadorian poison frog.”  Journal of the American
     Chemical Society  114.9 (1992) : 3475-3478.

Ellis, James L.  “Development of muscarinic analgesics derived from epibatidine : role of the M4 receptor 
     subtype".  The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.  288.3 (1999) : 1143-1150.

Fisher, M and D. Huangfu.  "Epibatidine, an alkaloid from the poison dart frog Epipedobates tricolor, is a 
     powerful ganglionic depolarizing agent."  The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
     270.2 (1994) : 702-707.

Jain, P., et al. “A new subclass of alkaloids from a dendrobatid poison frog : A structure 
     for deoxypumiliotoxin 251H.” Journal of Natural Products  58.1 (1995) : 100-104.

Jobes, Gertrude.  Dictionary of Mythology, Folklore, and Symbols.  New York : Scarecrow Press, 1961.

Lodish, Harvey and Arnold Berk, S. Lawrence Zipursky, Paul Matsudaria, David Baltimore.  Molecular Cell
     Biology.  New York : W.H. Freeman and Co., 2001. 

Moffet, Mark W.  “Poison-Dart Frogs : Lurid and Lethal”. National Geographic  187.5 
     (1995) : 98-110.

Pickering, David.  A Dictionary of Folklore.  New York : Facts on File, Inc., 1999.  114-
     115.

Purves, William, Gordon Orians, H. Craig Heller, and David Sadava.  Life - The Science
     of Biology.  5th edition.  Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, Inc., 1999.

Qian, Changgeng.  “Epibatidine as a nicotinic analgesic”. European Journal of 
     Pharmacology  250.3 (1993) : 13-14.

Rinzler, Carol Ann.  The Dictionary of Medical Folklore.  New York : Crowell Inc., 
     1979. 94-95.

Turkington, Carol.  The Poisons and Antidotes Sourcebook.  New York : Facts on File, 
     1999. 68-69.

Strong, Suzanne.  “Altering Chemistry: Epibatidine A Novel Alkaloid”.  May 1998. 
     Stanislaus Journal of Biochemical Reviews (University of California, Stanislaus). 
     http://wwwchem.csustan.edu/chem4400/sjbr/strong98.htm.  Accessed 11/14/01.

Todd, M. Jason.  “Toxins in Poison Dart Frogs”.  Online.  Accessed 11/29/01. 
     http://bio.davidson.edu/courses/anphys/2000/Todd/toxintype.htm